Description
Bernard Carr – Emeritus Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy, School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, UKPart of the book: Perspectives on ConsciousnessAbstractIt is argued that physics must eventually expand to accommodate mind and consciousness but that this will require a new paradigm. The paradigm required will impinge on two problems on the borders of physics and philosophy: the relationship between physical space and perceptual space and the nature of the passage of time. It is argued that the resolution of both these problems may involve a 5-dimensional model, with the 5th dimension being associated with mental time, and this proposal may relate to recent developments in brane cosmology. A description of consciousness must also entail a proper understanding of the specious present, the minimum timescale of conscious experience.ReferencesArkani-Hamed, N., Dimopoulos, S. and Dvali, G. (2000). The universe’sunseen dimensions. Scientific American, 283: 2-10.Ayer, A.J. (1940). The Foundations of Empirical Knowledge. New York:Macmillan.Barbour, J. (2001). The End of Time. New York: Oxford University Press.Barrow, J.D. and Tipler, F.J. (1986). The Anthropic Cosmological Principle,1986. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Bergson, H. (1946). The Creative Mind (trans M.L. Andison). New York:Philosophical Library.Bohm, D. (1986). In R. Weber, Dialogues with Scientists and Sages. NewYork: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Brain, W.R. (Lord) (1960). Space and sense-data. British Journal for thePhilosophy of Science, 11: 177-91, DOI: 10.1093/bjps/XI.43.177Broad, C.D. (1923). Scientific Thought. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Broad, C.D. (1953). Religion, Philosophy and Psychical Research. NewYork: Harcourt, Brace.Brunton, P. (1941). The Hidden Teaching Beyond Yoga. New York: E.P.Dutton.Carr, B.J. (2007). Universe or Multiverse Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.Carr, B.J. (2008). Worlds apart Can psychical research bridge the gulfbetween matter and mind Proceedings of the Society for PsychicalResearch, 59: 1-96.Carr, B.J. (2014). Metacosmology and the limits of science. In M. Eckstein,M. Heller and S. Szybka (eds) Mathematical Structures of the Universe.Krakov, Poland: Copernicus Center Press, pp. 407-32.Carr, B.J. (2015). Hyperspatial models of matter and mind. In E.F. Kelly, A.Crabtree and P. Marshall (eds) Beyond Physicalism: TowardReconciliation of Science and Spirituality, pp 227-73. Maryland:Rowman & Littlefield.Carr, B.J. and Rees, M.J. (1979). The anthropic principle and the structureof the physical world, Nature, 278: 605-12, https://doi.org/10.1038/278605a0Chalmers, D.J. (1996). The Conscious Mind: In Search of a FundamentalTheory. New York: Oxford University Press.Chomsky, N. (1975). Reflections of Language. New York: Pantheon Books.Crick, F. (1995). The Astonishing Hypothesis. New York: Scribner.Culbertson, J.C. (1976). Sensations, Memories and the Flow of Time. SantaMargarita, CA: Cromwell Press.de Broglie, L. (1963). Cited in The New World of Physics, A. March andI.M. Freeman, New York: Vintage Books.d’Espagnat, B. (1979). Quantum theory and reality. Scientific American(November).Dunne, J.W. (1927/1967). An Experiment with Time. London: Faber &Faber.Eagleman, D.M., Tse, P.U., Buonomano, D., Janssen, P. et al. (2005). Timeand the brain: how subjective time relates to neural time. Journal ofNeuroscience, 25: 10369-71, https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3487-05.2005Earman, J. (2008). Reassessing the prospects of a growing block model ofthe universe. International Studiesin the Philosophy of Science, 22: 135-64, https://doi.org/10.1080/02698590802496680Eddington, A. (1928). The Nature of the Physical World. CambridgeUniversity Press.Einstein, A., Podolsky, B. and Rosen, N. (1935). Can a quantum mechanicaldescription of reality be considered complete Physical Review, 47: 777-80, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.47.777Making Space and Time for Consciousness in Physics 347Ellis, G.F.R. (2006). Physics in the real universe: time and spacetime.General Relativity and Gravitation, 38(12): 1797-1824.Emerson, R.W. (1983). Essays and Lectures. Library of America.Everett, H. (1957). Relative state formulation of quantum mechanics.Reviews of Modern Physics, 39: 454-62, https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.29.454Gold. I. (1999). Does 40-Hz oscillation play a role in visual consciousnessConsciousness and Cognition, 8: 186-95, https://doi.org/10.1006/ccog.1999.0399Green, M., Schwarz, J. and Witten, E. (1987). Superstring Theory,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.James, W. (1890). The Principles of Psychology (Vol. 12). New York:Henry Holt.Herzog, M.H., Kammer, T. and Schamowski, F. (2016). Time slices: whatis the duration of a percept PLoS Biol., 14(4): e1002433,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002433Hoffman, D. (2008). Conscious realism and the mind-body problem, Mindand Matter, 6: 87-121.Huxley, A. (1954). The Doors of Perception. London: Chatto & Windus.Kaluza, T. (1921). Zum Unitatsproblem der Physik. Sitz. Preuss. Acad.Wiss., 1: 966-72. [To the university problem of physics]Kastrup, B. (2019). Analytic idealism: a consciousness-only ontology(Radboud University, PhD thesis).Kelly, E.R. (1882). The Alternative: A Study in Psychology. London:Macmillan.Klein, O. (1926). “Quantentheorie und fünfdimensionale Relativitätstheorie.” [Quantum theory and 5-dimensional relativity theory]Zeitschrift für Physik A 37(12):895-906.Lockwood, M. (1989). Mind, Brain and Quantum: The Compound I.Oxford: Blackwell Press.Maartens, R. (2004). Brane-World Gravity, http://relativity.livingreviews.org/lrr-2004-7Maudlin, T. (2012). Philosophy of Physics: Space and Time. Princeton:Princeton University Press.348 Bernard CarrPenrose, R. (1989). The Emperor’s New Mind, p 144. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press.Penrose, R. (1994). Shadows of the Mind: A Search for the Missing Scienceof Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Price, H.H. (1953). Survival and the idea of “another world.” Proceedingsof the Society for Psychical Research, 50: 1-25.Price, H. (1996). Time’s Arrow and Archimedes’ Point. New York: OxfordUniversity Press.Randall, L. and Sundrum, R. (1999). An alternative to compactification.Physical Review Letters, 83: 4690-93, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.4690Rosar, W. (1985). Visual space as physical geometry. Perception, 4: 403-25, https://doi.org/10.1068/p140403Rovelli, C. (2018). The Order of Time. London: Allen Lane/PenguinRandom House.Royce, J. (1901). The World and the Individual (2nd series). New York:Macmillan.Russell, B. (1948). Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits. London:George Allen & Unwin.Savitt, S.E. (2004). Presentism and eternalism in perspective, PhilSciArchives, http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/id/eprint/1788Savitt, S.F. (2006). Being and becoming in modern physics, in StanfordEncyclopedia of Philosophy.Sheldrake, R. (2003). The Sense of Being Stared at and Other Aspects of theExtended Mind. London: Hutchinson.Smythies, J.R. (1956). Analysis of Perception. London: Routledge & KeganPaul.Smythies, J.R. (1994). The Walls of Plato’s Cave: The Science andPhilosophy of (Brain, Consciousness and Perception). Aldershot,England: Avebury.Smythies, J.R. (2003). Space, time and consciousness. Journal ofConsciousness Studies, 10: 47-56.Smythies, J.R. (2012). Consciousness and higher dimensions of space.Journal of Consciousness Studies, 19(11-12): 224-32.Making Space and Time for Consciousness in Physics 349Stapp, H.P. (1993). Mind, Matter, and Quantum Mechanics. New York:Springer.Stapp, H.P. (1994). Theoretical model of a purported empirical violation ofthe predictions of quantum theory. Physical Review, 50: 18-22,https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.50.18Strawson, G. et al. (2006). Consciousness and Its Place in Nature: DoesPhysicalism Entail Panpsychism (ed. A. Freeman). Exeter, UK:Imprint Academic.Taimni, I.K. (1961). The Science of Yoga. Wheaton, IL: TheosophicalPublishing House.Tegmark, M. (2015). Consciousness as a state of matter, Chaos, Solitons &Fractals, 76: 238-70, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2015.03.014Tononi, G. (2012). PHI: A Voyage from the Brain to the Soul. New York:Pantheon Books.Velmans, M. (2005). Are we out of our minds Journal of ConsciousnessStudies, 12: 109-16.Weyl, H. (1949). Philosophy of Mathematics and Natural Science. NewJersey: Princeton University Press.Wheeler, J. (1977). Genesis and observership. In Foundational Problems inthe Special Sciences, ed. R. Butts and J. Hintikka, p. 1. Dordecht: Reidel.Whitehead, A.N. (1922). Uniformity and contingency. Proceedings of theAristotelian Society, N.S., 23: 1–18.Whiteman, J.H.M. (1967). Philosophy of Space and Time and the InnerConstitution of Nature: A Phenomenological Study. London: GeorgeAllen & Unwin.Whiteman, J.H.M. (1986). Old and New Evidence on the Meaning of Life:Vol. 1. An Introduction to Scientific Mysticism. Gerrards Cross, UK:Colin Smythe.Wigner, E. (1967). Symmetries and Reflections: Scientific Essays of EugeneP. Wigner. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.350 Bernard CarrWitten, E. (1995). String theory dynamics in various dimensions. NuclearPhysics B, 443: 85-126, https://doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(95)00158-OWoit, P. 2006. Not Even Wrong: the Failure of String Theory and the Searchfor Unity in Physical Law. New York: Basic Books
