Description
Foo Siong Koon¹,², MEng, Tze Liang Lau¹, PhD, and Wei Chek Moon¹,³, PhD¹School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia²School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia³Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Selangor, MalaysiaPart of the book: Tsunamis: Detection Technologies, Response Efforts and Harmful EffectsAbstractThe annihilation power of tsunamis can be seen from past disastrous tsunami events (i.e., 2004 Indian Ocean and 2011 Tohoku Tsunami), as evidenced by a number of damaged bridge superstructures. In this chapter, wave flume experiments were presented for estimating the tsunami-induced loads on bridge superstructures. A typical bridge superstructure was simplified as a box-shaped model and tested at various deck clearances at a scale of 1:100. The experimental results revealed that the nature of wave attack on the bridge superstructure model depended on the relationship between deck clearances and nominal wave heights. Time histories of pressures and forces acting on bridge superstructure models in the horizontal and vertical directions were measured. From the analysis for stability against sliding, the bridge superstructure models were found not to resist the horizontal force under both dry and wet conditions. The preliminary findings from this chapter provide practical information for the design of a tsunami-resilient coastal bridge.Keywords: bridge, deck clearance, tsunami force, wave pressureReferencesAASHTO (2012). AASTHO LRFD bridge design specification, sixth edition. AmericanAssociation of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC.Araki, S., Ishono, K. and Deguchi, I. (2010). Characteristics of tsunami fluid force actingon girder bridge. Proceeding of the 20th International Offshore and PolarEngineering Conference, 775-779.ASCE7-6 (2016). Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures. ASCE/SEI7-16, Reston, Virginia.Colbourne, F. W. (2005). Tsunami impact on the west coast of Penang Island, Malaysia.Research Project Report, Emporia State University, USA.Fu, L., Kosa, K., Sasaki, T. and Sato, T. (2014). Tsunami force on bridge comparison oftwo wave types by experimental test. Journal of Structural Engineering, 282-292.Hosoda, S. and Maruyama, K. (2011). Washed away of bridge by the Great East JapanEarthquake. Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Disaster Survey Report.Iemura, H., Pradono, M. H., Yasuda, T. and Tada, T. (2007). Experiments of tsunamiforce acting on bridge models. Japan Society of Civil Engineers, 902-911.Kawasaki, Y. and Izuno, K. (2013). Mitigation of the impact of tsunamis on bridges.Vienna Congress on Recent Advances in Earthquake Engineering and StructuralDynamics 2013 (VEESD 2013), 1-8.Kosa, K., Nii, S., Shoji, M. and Kimura, K. (2009). Experimental study on tsunami wavesacting on bridges. Journal of Structural Engineering, 471-482 (in Japanese).Lau, T. L., Ohmachi, T., Inoue, S. and Lukkunaprasit, P. (2011). Experimental andnumerical model of tsunami force on bridge decks. A Growing Disaster, InTech, Chpater 6, 105-130.Lukkunaprasit, P., Lau, T. L., Ruangrassamee, A. and Ohmachi, T. (2011). Tsunami waveloading on a bridge deck with perforations. Journal of Tsunami Society International, 244-252.Moon, W.C., Law, C.L., Liew, K.K., Koon, F.S., Lau, T.L., Law, C.L., Liew, K.K.,Koon, F.S. and Lau, T.L. (2019). Tsunami force estimation for beachfront traditionalbuildings with elevated floor slab in Malaysia. Coastal Engineering Journal, 559-573.Nakao, H., Nozako, Izuno, K. and Kobayashi, H. (2012). Tsunami hydrodynamic force onvarious bridge sections. 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, 121-130.Rahman, S., Shatirah, A., Khan, M. T. R. and Triatmadja, R. (2014). Performance ofbridge girder with perforations under tsunami wave loading. World Academy ofScience, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Civil, Architectural,Structural and Construction Engineering, 139-144.Spencer, N. L. (2014). Evaluation of tsunami design codes and recommendations forbridge susceptible to tsunami inundation. Msc thesis, University of Washington.Unjoh, S. and Endoh, K. (2007). Damage investigation and preliminary analyses of bridgedamage caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. 38th UJNR WSE Joint Panel Meeting.Yim, S. C., Sutraporn, B., Nimmala, S. B., Winston, H. M., Azadbakht, M. and Cheung,K. F. (2011). Development of a guideline for estimating tsunami forces on bridgesuperstructures. Final Report SR 500-340, Oregon Department of TransportationResearch Section.
